2d 4d ratio study pdf8/13/2023 ![]() In many populations the severity of COVID-19 is sex dependent (males > females) 6. Importantly, identifying these risk factors did not significantly change our understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic nor did it facilitate a reduction in mortality. Among these variables age and weight appeared to be independent risk factors for disease severity 5. Patterns of severity from Chinese studies included higher age, male sex, higher Body Mass Index, hypertension, lower T lymphocyte and B lymphocyte count, higher white blood cell count, higher D2 dimer, procalcitonin, CRP and aspartate aminotransferase. For example, data from Belgium indicated severity was associated with older age, renal insufficiency, higher lactate dehydrogenase and thrombocytopenia and obesity 4. Across nations, there is variation in case fatality rates and in predictors of mortality 3. Recent studies have shown that the clinical progress could be severe in cases of increased: neutrophil-lymphocytes ratio, C-reactive protein (CRP), troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase and that the troponin I, elder age and SO 2 values are linked to in-hospital mortality. Due to this variety and unknown severity and death risk factors, many studies and analyses have focused on identifying biomarkers of severe disease or poor outcomes in COVID-19 infections. ![]() Severe disease can lead to acute respiratory distress and multi-organ failure often followed by intravascular coagulopathy 1, 2. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a respiratory and systemic illness (COVID-19) which may present as a severe pneumonia in 10–15% of patients. Large |(right–left)| asymmetries in the patients are likely to be a marker for postnatal stressors resulting in developmental perturbations and for potential severity of COVID-19. We conclude that digit ratio patterns differ between patients and controls and this was most evident in ratios that included 5D. All patient versus control differences were independent of sex. The Composite Asymmetry of the two largest effects (2D:4D + 3D:5D) gave a patient and control difference with effect size d = 1.04. ![]() We found (i) patients differed in their digit ratios from controls (patients > controls) in all three ratios that included 5D (2D:5D, 3D:5D and 4D:5D) with small to medium effect sizes ( d = 0.3 to 0.64), (ii) they did not differ in their directional asymmetries, and (iii) patients had greater |(right–left)| asymmetry than controls for 2D:4D ( d = .74), and all ratios that included 5D 2D:5D ( d = 0.66), 3D:5D ( d = .79), 4D:5D ( d = 0.47). We focus on six ratios: 2D:3D 2D:4D 2D:5D 3D:4D 3D:5D 4D:5D and compare hospitalized patient and control means for right, and left ratios, directional asymmetries (right–left) and unsigned asymmetries. digit ratios and their directional and unsigned asymmetries, are predictive of hospitalization. Here we consider whether markers for prenatal sex hormones and postnatal stressors on developmental instability, i.e. COVID-19 presents with mild symptoms in the majority of patients but in a minority it progresses to acute illness and hospitalization.
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